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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u201c\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u201d (Matthews. P. H. (1997): Concise Dictionary of Linguistics, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, p 209.)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u201c\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u201d. (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (2007): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629- \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0635 101).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (1969): \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0635. \u0635 53- 54. \u0648 Seligman, C. G. (1957): Races of Africa, London: Oxford University Press, p. 48..<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0 Seligman, C. G. (1957): Races of Africa, Op. cit. p. 48.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (1969): \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 53.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[5] Mark Wright (2019): \u201cWolof Empire\u201d,in: Encyclopedia of World History, in: https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Wolof_Empire\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[6] \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.culture.gov.mr\/ar\/node\/135<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a (2014): \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (16)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0 Mark Wright (2019): \u201cWolof Empire\u201d, in: Encyclopedia of World History, Op. cit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[9] Ibid.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (1969): \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 53.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u00a0 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648 (2015): \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0649\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (28)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0635. \u0635 55- 56.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u00a0 Seligman, C. G. (1957): Races of Africa, Op. cit, p. 48<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u00a0 Mark Wright (2019): \u201cWolof Empire\u201d, in:\u00a0 Encyclopedia of World History, Op. cit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (1969): \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 53.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 54.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u00a0 Seligman, C. G. (1957): Races of Africa, Op. cit, p. 48<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[18]\u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (1969): \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 53.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[19] \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u201c\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.kharbsha.com\/article\/wolof-people_1651.html<\/p>\n<p>[20]\u00a0 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648 (2015): \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0649\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 55.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[21]\u00a0 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a (2014): \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 34.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[22] Baker, Colin and Syivia Prys Jones (1998): Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education, Multilingual Matter, LTD, p.p (355- 367), p. 363.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[23]\u00a0 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 (\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u060c 119- 140\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 2 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c 2019)\u060c \u0635 123.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[24]Kurian, George Thomas (1982): Encyclopedia of Third World, Volume 111. London, Mansell Publishing, p 543.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[25]\u00a0 Neeks, R. (1978): Muslim People, London, p 479.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[26]\u00a0 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.maghrebvoices.com\/varieties\/2021\/02\/16\/\u0634\u0639\u0628-\u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631-\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642-\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641-\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[27]\u00a0 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u201c\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[28]\u00a0 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a (2014): \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 34.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[29]\u00a0 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u201c\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[30]\u00a0 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648 (2015): \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0649\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. \u0635 57- 59.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[31]Kurian, George Thomas (1982): Encyclopedia of Third World, Volume 111, Op. cit, p 544.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[32]\u00a0 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u201c\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[33] Baker, Colin and Syivia Prys Jones (1998): Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education, Op cit, p 363.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[34]\u00a0 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/arab-ency.com.sy\/ency\/details\/7872<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[35] Baker, Colin and Syivia Prys Jones (1998): Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education, Op cit, p 359.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[36]\u00a0 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a (2014): \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[37]\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0648 (2006): \u201c\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 65- 1995\u2033\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c 26- 27 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2006\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0635. \u0635 (537- 566)\u060c \u0635 542.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[38]\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0648 (2006): \u201c\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 65- 1995\u2033\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 542.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[39]\u00a0 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[40]\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0648 (2006): \u201c\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 65- 1995\u2033\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 543.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[41]\u00a0 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0648 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[42]\u00a0 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[43]\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[44]\u00a0 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u201c\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[45]\u00a0 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[46]\u00a0 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[47]Williamson, Kay and Roger Blench (2000): \u201cNiger Congo\u201d, in: African Languages, An Introduction, Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. p (11- 42), p. p 20- 21.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[48]\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064a (2006): \u201c\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u201d\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0638\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0635 158.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[49]\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064a (2006): \u201c\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 155.<\/p>\n<p>[50]\u00a0 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>[51]\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064a (2006): \u201c\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 156.<\/p>\n<p>[52]\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 155.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629Lingua franca[1]\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 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